IGKOJEI: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei <p>This journal is a media to publicize all community service activities. This journal was first published in 2020. This journal was published 4 times a year, in January, April, Juli and October.</p> <p>We would like to inform you that the publication of Volume 5, Issue 2, was delayed due to unforeseen technical issues. Despite our team's best efforts to resolve these problems, the situation caused a delay in the publication schedule, and as a result, the publication could only be made on August 22, 2024. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused and thank you for your understanding and patience.</p> Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Papua en-US IGKOJEI: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2746-8658 <p><strong>License and Copyright Agreement</strong></p> <p>In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:</p> <ul> <li>They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.</li> <li>The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal. Please also carefully read&nbsp;<strong>IGKOJEI: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat</strong> Posting Your Article Policy at https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/policy/publicationethics</li> <li>That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,</li> <li>That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.</li> <li>They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.</li> <li>They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Copyright</strong></p> <p>Authors who publish with<strong>IGKOJEI: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat</strong> agree to the following terms:</p> <ol start="1"> <li>Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</a> that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.</li> <li>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.</li> <li>Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.</li> </ol> <p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" rel="license"><img style="border-width: 0;" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License"></a><br>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.</p> Peningkatan pengetahuan tentang energi terbarukan di Kampung Kwau https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/568 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>The Community Service Program (PkM) is an annual initiative consistently conducted by the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Papua. In 2025, the program was carried out in Kampung Kwau, Warmare District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, with the primary objective of enhancing local community understanding and skills in utilizing renewable energy, particularly through the use of energy-efficient solar lamps (LTSHE). The program began with presentations on the potential and benefits of renewable energy, followed by hands-on training in the maintenance and repair of LTSHE units. During the practical sessions, participants were introduced to techniques for replacing damaged batteries, cleaning solar panels, and understanding the basic operational system of the LTSHE devices. Despite challenges such as limited tools and varying levels of participant knowledge, the activity was met with enthusiastic responses. This program is expected to promote the sustainable use of environmentally friendly energy in Kampung Kwau</em><em>.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Renewable Energy; Kampung Kwau; LTSHE; Community Service; Solar Power. </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PkM) merupakan program tahunan yang secara konsisten dilaksanakan oleh Fakultas Teknik Universitas Papua. Pada tahun 2025, kegiatan ini berlokasi di Kampung Kwau, Distrik Warmare, Kabupaten Manokwari, Provinsi Papua Barat, dengan tujuan utama meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan energi terbarukan, khususnya melalui penggunaan lampu tenaga surya hemat energi (LTSHE). Rangkaian kegiatan diawali dengan penyampaian materi mengenai potensi dan manfaat energi terbarukan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pelatihan praktik pemeliharaan dan perbaikan LTSHE. Dalam sesi praktik, peserta diperkenalkan pada teknik penggantian baterai yang rusak, pembersihan panel surya, serta pemahaman dasar mengenai sistem kerja perangkat LTSHE. Meskipun terdapat kendala seperti keterbatasan alat dan variasi tingkat pemahaman peserta, kegiatan ini mendapat sambutan yang sangat positif. Program ini diharapkan dapat mendorong pemanfaatan energi ramah lingkungan secara berkelanjutan di Kampung Kwau dan menjadi model yang dapat direplikasi di wilayah lain.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Energi Terbarukan; Kampung Kwau; LTSHE; PkM; Tenaga Surya.</p> Adelhard Beni Rehiara Henny A. B. Lesnussa Fervin M. Likumahwa Sonya O. Marini Abdul Z. Patiran Jamius B. Stepanus Antonius D. Palintin Yulianus R. Pasalli Saiful Ismail Pandung Sarungallo Bibiana R. Wihyawari Copyright (c) 2025 Adelhard Beni Rehiara, Henny Abertina Barbalina Lesnussa, Fervin Mayos Likumahwa, Sonya Olivia Marini, Abdul Zaid Patiran, Jamius Bin Stepanus, Antonius Duma Palintin , Yulianus Rombe Pasalli, Saiful Ismail, Pandung Sarungallo, Bibiana Rosalina Wihyawari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 202 210 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.568 Sosialisasi tentang pendekatan kontekstual dalam pembelajaran kepada guru dan peserta didik di Sekolah Dasar Inpres 30 Aitinyo, Kabupaten Maybrat https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/599 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>The contextual learning approach is a strategy that emphasizes the connection between subject matter and students' real-life experiences. However, understanding and application of this approach are still limited in several elementary schools in rural areas, including SD Inpres 30 Aitinyo, Maybrat Regency. This community service activity aimed to provide teachers and students with information on the concept and implementation of a contextual approach in learning. The methods used included material delivery, interactive discussions, and learning simulations, involving 6 teachers and 57 students. The results of the activity showed that before the socialization, most teachers were still using a conventional approach that focused on memorization, with limitations in linking material to the local context. After the activity, there was an increase in teachers' understanding of designing context-based learning and increased student active involvement in the learning process. Teachers also began developing lesson plans that incorporated elements of the surrounding environment and local culture as learning resources. Students showed a positive response through their activeness and ability to relate material to everyday experiences. It was concluded that this activity successfully improved teachers' understanding and skills in applying a contextual approach and encouraged active student participation in more meaningful learning. It is hoped that this activity will be the first step towards implementing contextual learning on a sustainable basis in elementary schools in the Maybrat Regency area.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Aitinyo; Approach, Teacher; Contextual; Student. </em></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual merupakan strategi yang menekankan keterkaitan antara materi pelajaran dengan pengalaman nyata siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Namun, pemahaman dan penerapan pendekatan ini masih terbatas di beberapa sekolah dasar di wilayah pedesaan, termasuk SD Inpres 30 Aitinyo, Kabupaten Maybrat. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan sosialisasi kepada guru dan peserta didik mengenai konsep dan implementasi pendekatan kontekstual dalam pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan meliputi penyampaian materi, diskusi interaktif, dan simulasi pembelajaran dengan melibatkan 6 guru dan 57 siswa. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa sebelum sosialisasi sebagian besar guru masih menerapkan pendekatan konvensional yang berfokus pada hafalan, dengan keterbatasan dalam mengaitkan materi dengan konteks lokal. Setelah kegiatan berlangsung, terjadi peningkatan pemahaman guru dalam merancang pembelajaran berbasis konteks serta meningkatnya keterlibatan aktif siswa dalam proses belajar. Para guru juga mulai menyusun rencana pembelajaran yang memasukkan unsur lingkungan sekitar dan budaya lokal sebagai sumber belajar. Siswa menunjukkan respons positif melalui keaktifan dan kemampuan mengaitkan materi dengan pengalaman sehari-hari. Disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan ini berhasil meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan guru dalam menerapkan pendekatan kontekstual serta mendorong partisipasi aktif siswa dalam pembelajaran yang lebih bermakna. Diharapkan kegiatan ini menjadi langkah awal menuju implementasi pembelajaran kontekstual secara berkelanjutan di sekolah-sekolah dasar di wilayah Kabupaten Maybrat. </p> <p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Aitinyo<strong>;</strong> Guru; Kontekstual; Pendekatan; Siswa. </p> Jan H. Nunaki Budi Santoso Zainudin Rumatumia Barsalina J Inggesi Copyright (c) 2025 Budi Santoso, Jan H. Nunaki, Zainudin Rumatumia, Barsalina J Inggesi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 211 220 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.599 Peranan literasi digital untuk menangkal pengaruh negatif teknologi bagi mahasiswa di Kota Madiun https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/594 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>Digital technology has become an integral part of society's life, including students in Madiun City. The rapid development of the digital world provides easy access to information, but it also brings negative impacts, such as social media addiction, hoax spreading, and reduced ability to interact directly, so it is necessary to provide digital literacy training programs that aim to help students develop skills in using technology wisely and critically. Although several programs related to digital literacy have been conducted, many students still do not fully understand how to utilize technology effectively, so the negative impacts can be minimized. </em><em>The purpose of this community service is to provide digital literacy training to counteract the negative influence of technology on students in Madiun City. The method of implementing this activity includes four stages: preparation, subject and location selection, implementation, and evaluation and analysis. All the data needed during this activity were collected using pretest sheets, posttest sheets, and satisfaction questionnaires. This PKM activity involved 45 people, consisting of 32 participants, 8 partner representatives, and 5 community service team members. The result of this community service activity is a positive response from all participants related to the implementation of the activity, with an average percentage above 85% and participants' understanding of digital literacy and its impact on technology, with an average percentage above 90%. This activity concludes that the activity is interesting, participants feel the benefits of the activity, and participants expect there to be more activities like this.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Community service; digital literacy; higher education student; Madiun City; Technology.</em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Teknologi digital telah menjadi bagian integral dalam kehidupan masyarakat, tak terkecuali bagi mahasiswa di Kota Madiun. Perkembangan pesat dunia digital memberikan kemudahan akses informasi, namun juga membawa dampak negatif, seperti kecanduan media sosial, penyebaran hoaks, serta berkurangnya kemampuan berinteraksi langsung sehingga perlu diberikan program pelatihan literasi digital yang bertujuan untuk membantu mahasiswa mengembangkan keterampilan dalam menggunakan teknologi dengan bijak dan kritis. Meskipun beberapa program terkait literasi digital telah dilakukan, masih banyak mahasiswa yang belum sepenuhnya memahami cara memanfaatkan teknologi dengan efektif, sehingga dampak negatifnya dapat diminimalisir. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan pelatihan literasi digital untuk menangkal pengaruh negatif teknologi bagi mahasiswa di Kota Madiun. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan meliputi empat tahap kegiatan yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap pemilihan subjek dan lokasi, tahap pelaksanaan, dan tahap evaluasi dan analisis. Keseluruhan data yang dibutuhkan selama proses kegiatan ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan lembar <em>pretest</em>, lembar posttes, dan angket kepuasan terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan. Kegiatan PKM ini melibatkan 45 orang yang terdiri 32 orang peserta, 8 orang pihak mitra, dan 5 orang tim pengabdian. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah respon positif dari seluruh peserta terkait pelaksanaan kegiatan dengan persentase rata-rata diatas 85% dan pemahaman peserta terkait literasi digital dan dampaknya terhadap teknologi dengan persentase rata-rata diatas 90%. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan menarik, peserta merasakan manfaat dari kegiatan ini, dan peserta mengharapkan akan ada kegiatan seperti ini.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Kota Madiun; Literasi digital; Mahasiswa; Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat; Teknologi.</p> Anung Priambodo Advendi Kristiyandaru Meylia Elizabeth Ranu Lisnani Lisnani Narotama Tegar Abadi Grace Navilina Primahani Copyright (c) 2025 Lisnani, Anung Priambodo, Advendi Kristiyandaru, Meylia Elizabeth Ranu, Narotama Tegar Abadi, Grace Navilina Primahani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 221–230 221–230 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.594 Kontes Ternak sebagai strategi peningkatan minat peternak OAP terhadap sapi Bali https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/608 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>A livestock contest is a strategic approach that can encourage improvements in maintenance quality and motivate farmers in developing their livestock. This activity was carried out in Sorong Regency, Southwest Papua, involving 30 Indigenous Papuan (OAP) farmers with a total of 50 Bali cattle. After administrative selection and health checks, 34 cattle were assessed based on morphometric parameters, Body Condition Score (BCS), estimated body weight, and maintenance management. The results showed significant variation in livestock performance and the level of adoption of maintenance practices. Farmers’ involvement in the measurement process provided direct educational experiences and increased awareness of the importance of data-based management and livestock breeding selection to improve productivity. In addition to identifying livestock individuals with superior genetic potential, the contest also encouraged a shift in farmers’ mindset toward sustainable livestock development. This model is recommended as a replicable approach for regions with similar socio-economic conditions.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>:</strong> <em>Bali cattle; husbandry management; Indigenous Papuan; livestock contest; selective breeding</em></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Kontes ternak merupakan pendekatan strategis yang dapat mendorong peningkatan kualitas pemeliharaan dan motivasi peternak dalam mengembangkan ternaknya. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Sorong, Papua Barat Daya, melibatkan 30 peternak Orang Asli Papua (OAP) dengan total 50 ekor sapi Bali. Setelah seleksi administratif dan pemeriksaan kesehatan, 34 ekor sapi dinilai berdasarkan parameter morfometrik, <em>Body Condition Score</em> (BCS), estimasi bobot badan, dan manajemen pemeliharaan. Hasil menunjukkan variasi signifikan dalam performa ternak dan tingkat adopsi praktik pemeliharaan. Keterlibatan peternak dalam proses pengukuran menciptakan pengalaman edukatif langsung dan meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya manajemen -pemeliharaan dan seleksi bibit ternak untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. Selain mengidentifikasi individu ternak berpotensi genetik unggul, kontes ini juga mendorong perubahan pola pikir peternak ke arah pengembangan ternak berkelanjutan. Model ini direkomendasikan sebagai pendekatan replikatif untuk wilayah dengan kondisi sosial-ekonomi serupa.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: kontes ternak; manajemen pemeliharaan; Orang Asli Papua; pemuliaan selektif; sapi Bali</p> Iriani Sumpe Daniel Y. Seseray Trisiwi W. Widayati Angelina Tethool Diana Sawen Hanike Monim Merlyn N. Lekitoo John A. Palulungan Mohamad Jen Wajo Stefani F. Haryati Bernadetta W. I. Rahayu Copyright (c) 2025 Iriani Sumpe, Daniel Y. Seseray , Trisiwi W. Widayati , Angelina Tethool , Diana Sawen, Hanike Monim , Merlyn N. Lekitoo , John A. Palulungan, Mohamad Jen Wajo , Stefani F. Haryati, Bernadetta W. I. Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 231 242 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.608 Pelatihan pengolahan minyak kelapa secara fermentasi bagi masyarakat di Kampung Mansaburi https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/603 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><em>Mansaburi Village is known for its abundant coconut production, which has not been optimally utilized due to limited technical skills and inadequate processing technology.</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>This community service program aims to enhance the capacity of Mansaburi Village residents in processing coconuts into Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) using a natural, hygienic, and economically valuable fermentation method. The activities were carried out using a participatory approach, including community outreach, technical training, and hands-on practice. The results of the program showed a high level of enthusiasm from the community throughout the implementation, along with a significant improvement in their knowledge and skills in VCO production. Additionally, several participants took the initiative to form small business groups. This program has had a positive impact on the community’s economic self-reliance and has opened up opportunities for the development of local coconut-based products.</em><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Coconut; Fermentation; Local Product; Virgin Coconut Oil</em></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>Kampung Mansaburi merupakan kampung yang memiliki hasil kelapa berlimpah dan belum optimal dalam pemanfaatan kelapa tersebut akibat minimnya keterampilan teknis dan terbatasnya teknologi pengolahan. Program pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat Kampung Mansaburi dalam mengolah kelapa menjadi <em>Virgin Coconut Oil</em> (VCO) melalui metode fermentasi yang alami, higienis, dan bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Kegiatan dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan partisipatif, meliputi sosialisasi, pelatihan teknis dan praktik langsung. Hasil program menunjukkan antusiasme masyarakat sangat tinggi selama kegiatan pengabdian serta adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam proses produksi VCO, serta munculnya inisiatif warga untuk membentuk kelompok usaha kecil. Program ini memberikan dampak positif terhadap kemandirian ekonomi masyarakat dan membuka peluang pengembangan produk lokal berbasis kelapa.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Kelapa; Fermentasi; Produk Lokal; <em>Virgin Coconut Oil</em></p> Umi Yuminarti Agatha W. Widati Ludia Th. Wambrauw Soleman Imbiri Fika N. Ramadhani Copyright (c) 2025 Umi Yuminarti, Agatha W. Widati , Ludia Th. Wambrauw , Soleman Imbiri , Fika N. Ramadhani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 243 249 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.603 Workshop peningkatan spiritualitas istri yang cakap berdasarkan Amsal 31 : 10 - 31 bagi Ibu PW Jemaat GKI Syalom Pasifik Indah Klasis Porth Numbay https://journal.fapetunipa.ac.id/index.php/igkojei/article/view/609 <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><em> </em></p> <p><em>Married women who serve as wives play a vital role in the family. While a wife’s roles and responsibilities cannot be equated with those of the husband as head of the household, they are equally important. A wife’s role in accompanying her husband becomes a source of motivation for the success of both husband and children, including in ministry. Becoming a wise wife is essential in both family and societal contexts. A wise wife not only manages the household well but also actively supports her husband’s work, contributes to children’s education, and safeguards family harmony. Therefore, members of the Women’s Fellowship need to recognize the importance of their role and strive to become wise wives for the good of the family and the community. This community service program (PkM) employed lecture and question–answer methods to enable the active participation of Women’s Fellowship members in developing understanding and theological implementation of the concept of a wise wife, which is reflected in sound spirituality. The importance of spirituality in a wife’s life cannot be understated. With mature spirituality, a wife can become a pillar of strength in the family, build effective communication, provide moral guidance, and strengthen family bonds. Consequently, women need to recognize the importance of cultivating spirituality within themselves to become wise wives who contribute to family well-being.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> Workshop, Spirituality, Wife, Proverbs 31, Port Numbay Classis.</em></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Perempuan yang sudah menikah dan menjadi seorang istri memiliki peranan yang sangat penting di dalam sebuah keluarga. Peran dan tanggung jawab seorang istri dalam keluarga memang tidak dapat disamakan dengan seorang suami sebagai kepala keluarga; namun peran dan tanggung jawab seorang istri dalam keluarga mempunyai arti yang sama pentingnya. Peran istri yaitu mendampingi suaminya akan menjadi motivasi tersendiri bagi keberhasilan suami dan anak-anak juga dalam pelayanan. Menjadi istri yang bijak adalah sebuah keharusan dalam konteks keluarga dan masyarakat. Istri yang bijak tidak hanya mampu mengelola rumah tangga dengan baik, tetapi juga berperan aktif dalam menopang kerja suami, pendidikan anak dan menjaga keharmonisan keluarga. Dengan demikian, ibu-ibu PW perlu menyadari pentingnya peran mereka dan berusaha untuk menjadi istri yang bijak demi kebaikan keluarga dan masyarakat. Pelaksanaan PkM ini menggunakan metode ceramah dan tanya jawab untuk memungkinkan partisipasi aktif ibu-ibu PW dalam pengembangan pemahaman dan implementasi teologis tentang istri yang bijak, yang akan terlihat pada spiritualitas yang baik. Pentingnya spiritualitas dalam kehidupan seorang istri tidak dapat dipandang sebelah mata. Dengan memiliki spiritualitas yang baik, seorang istri dapat menjadi pilar kekuatan dalam keluarga, membangun komunikasi yang efektif, memberikan panduan moral, dan memperkuat ikatan keluarga. Oleh karena itu, perempuan perlu menyadari pentingnya mengembangkan spiritualitas dalam diri mereka untuk menjadi istri yang bijak dan berkontribusi pada kesejahteraan keluarga.</p> <p><strong>Kata</strong> <strong>Kunci</strong> : Workshop, Spiritualitas, Istri, Amsal 31, Klasis Port Numbay</p> Cleopatriza T. F. Ruhulessin Copyright (c) 2025 Cleopatriza T. F. Ruhulessin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-10-29 2025-10-29 6 4 250 261 10.46549/igkojei.v6i4.609